Mausoleo de mustafa kemal ataturk biography
Anıtkabir
Mausoleum of Turkey's founder, Atatürk, in Ankara
"Kemal Atatürk Memorial" redirects here. For the memorial in Australia, see Kemal Atatürk Memorial, Canberra.
Anıtkabir (Turkish:[a']; lit.&#;'grave monument') is a mausoleum complex located in the Çankaya district of Ankara, Turkey.
It serves as the resting place of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of the Turkish Republic. Designed by architects Emin Onat and Orhan Arda, the construction of Anıtkabir began in and was completed in In addition to the mausoleum, the complex consists of various structures and monuments, as well as a wooded area known as the Peace Park.
Biografi mustafa kemal ataturk: At the base of the monument, there are symbolic reliefs that represent eternal values such as national defense, victory, maintenance of peace, and establishment of civilization. This space has been filled with soil from all across Turkey to create its own landscape. Anitkabir, the Mausoleum of Ataturk, is a monument that holds great significance for the people of Turkey. Thus, people live their daily lives in peace, secured by the Turkish Army.
Following Atatürk's death on November 10, , it was announced that his remains would be kept at the Ethnography Museum of Ankara until a mausoleum could be constructed in Ankara. To determine the location for the mausoleum, a commission was established by the government. Based on a report prepared by the commission, it was decided during a meeting of the Republican People's Party parliamentary group on January 17, , that the structure would be built on Rasattepe.
Following this decision, expropriation work began on the relevant land, and an international design competition was launched on March 1, , to determine the structure's design. After the competition ended on March 2, , the evaluations resulted in the decision to implement the project of Emin Onat and Orhan Arda with some modifications, and construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony on October 9, The construction was carried out in four stages, and due to some problems and delays, it was completed in October , later than originally planned.
During the construction, changes were made to the project. On November 10, , Atatürk's remains were transferred to Anıtkabir in a ceremony. Cemal Gürsel, who was buried in , and the remains of eleven people who were buried between and , were exhumed from Anıtkabir in İsmet İnönü's grave has been located at Anıtkabir since
The main building in the complex is the mausoleum, which includes Atatürk's symbolic sarcophagus in the section known as the Hall of Honor, while his actual tomb is located in the lower level of the building.
The entrance to the complex is through a tree-lined avenue called the Lions' Road, which leads to the ceremony square. The mausoleum is situated on one side of this square, surrounded by colonnades, while the exit from the complex is located on the opposite side of the square along the path of the Lions' Road. The complex features ten towers at the four corners of the Lions' Road, at the exit of the ceremony square, and at the corners of the square, as well as two sculpture groups and the Atatürk and Independence War Museum.
All of these structures, collectively known as the Monument Block, are surrounded by a wooded area called Peace Park. The structures in the complex are made of reinforced concrete and feature surfaces and floors made of various types of marble and travertine, as well as decorative elements created using relief, mosaic, fresco, and carving techniques.
The Neoclassical style of the Second National Architecture Movement features elements inspired by the Hittite, Ancient Greek, Seljuk, and Ottoman architectural styles that have exerted influence over the region now known as Turkey throughout history.
The responsibility for all services and tasks at Anıtkabir belongs to the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, and events to be held here are regulated by law.
Official commemoration ceremonies are held at Anıtkabir on national holidays in Turkey and on the anniversary of Atatürk's death on November 10, organized by the government. In addition to these, ceremonies are also organized by individuals and representatives of legal entities who are included in the state protocol. Anıtkabir is a place that is occasionally visited and official ceremonies are held at the site by foreign government officials during their official visits to Turkey.
Construction
The site chosen for Anıtkabir was known as Rasattepe (Observation Hill), which, at the time of the architectural competition for Anıtkabir, was a central location in Ankara and could be seen by all parts of the city. Archeological excavations unearthed artifacts belonging to the Phrygian civilization, which were carefully excavated and put on display in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, also in Ankara.
The construction of Anıtkabir, which took nine years[1] and spanned four stages, commenced on 9 October with the ceremony of laying the foundation stone.
The first stage of the construction, comprising the preparatory excavation and the construction of the retaining wall of the Lions Road, started on 9 October and was completed in The second stage of the construction, comprising the mausoleum and the auxiliary buildings surrounding the ceremonial ground, started on 29 September , and was completed on 8 August At this stage, due to problems related to the mausoleum's masonry and concrete structure foundations, some revisions had to be made.
At the end of , the excavation and insulation of the mausoleum foundation was completed and steel reinforcements for the new 11 m. (&#;ft) high concrete foundation, capable of resisting any kind of settlement of the ground, had come to near completion. The Entrance towers, most parts of the road network, the orchard installations, the plantation works and main parts of the irrigation system were also completed at this stage.
The third stage of the construction was the building of the roads leading to the mausoleum, The Lions Road, and the ceremonial ground; the mausoleum's upper-level stone pavement, the grand stairs, placement of the grand tombstone, and the installation of electricity, plumbing and heating systems.
The fourth and last stage of construction was the laying of the Hall of Honour pavement, vaults under the side linings, and Hall of Honour perimeter stone profiles and fringe decorations, which was completed on 1 September
Revision of original plans
The Anıtkabir project originally had a vaulted ceiling above the mausoleum carried by the perimeter columns.
On 4 December , the Government asked the architects about the possibility of shortening construction time by lowering the 28&#;m (92&#;ft) high ceiling of the Hall of Honour. After studying the subject, the architects concluded that it was possible to cover the ceiling with a reinforced concrete slab instead of a stone vault.
This change reduced the weight of the ceiling and also eliminated certain constructional risks.[2]
Surface reliefs and stones
All stones and marbles were brought in from various parts of Turkey. Easily processed porous travertine is used on external cladding of the concrete surfaces and marble is used for the inside surfaces of the Hall of Honour.
White travertine used for the sculpture groups, lions figures and the mausoleum columns was brought from Kayseri and the travertine used inside the towers was brought from Polatlı and Malıköy. The red and black travertine used for paving the ceremonial ground and floors of the towers came from Kayseri. Yellow travertine brought from Çankırı was used for building the Victory Reliefs, the Hall of Honour's external walls, and perimeter columns of the ceremonial ground.
The red, black and cream colour marble that was used on the floor of the Hall of Honour were brought from Hatay, Adana and Çanakkale, and for the internal walls, tiger-patterned marble from Afyon and green marble from Bilecik was used. The sarcophagus, a monolithic tomb stone weighing 40 tons, was brought from Adana and the white marble covering the sides of the sarcophagus were also from Afyon.
Layout
There are four main parts to Anıtkabir: the Road of Lions, the Ceremonial Plaza, the Hall of Honor (location of Atatürk's tomb) and the Peace Park that surrounds the monument.
Road of Lions
See also: Turkish History Thesis
The approach to the monument is a &#;m (&#;ft)-long pedestrian walkway that is lined on both sides by twelve pairs of lions carved in a style like the Hittite archaeological finds. The lions represent 24 Oghuz Turkic Tribes and are shown seated to simultaneously represent both power and peace.
A five centimeter gap separates the paving stones on the Road of Lions to ensure that visitors take their time and observe respectful behavior on their way to Atatürk's tomb.
Ceremonial Plaza
The Ceremonial Plaza is situated at the end of the Lions Road.
Mausoleo de mustafa kemal ataturk biography indonesia In the middle of the grave room is the marble sarcophagus positioned towards the south, in direction of Mecca. Easy to process porous travertine with various colours was used on external cladding of the concrete surfaces and marble was used for the inside surfaces of the mausoleum. Second Stage of the Construction: - Second stage construction, comprising the mausoleum and the auxiliary buildings surrounding the ceremonial ground, started on 29 September and completed on 8 August The fourth stage had started on 20 November and completed on 1 SeptemberThe area is &#;m (&#;ft) long and 84&#;m (&#;ft) wide and was designed to accommodate 15, people. The floor is decorated with rug and kilim (Turkish carpet) patterns, and is made of travertine in various colors.
Hall of Honor
The Hall of Honor is the iconic symbol of Anıtkabir and the location of Atatürk's tomb.
The structure is &#;m ×&#;&#;m (&#;ft ×&#;&#;ft) in plan and rises to a height of 17&#;m (56&#;ft), with the columns themselves measuring &#;m (47&#;ft).
Atatürk's tomb is situated right under the symbolic ton sarcophagus in the ground floor of The Hall of Honor, and Atatürk's body is buried below this in a special Tomb Room in the basement level.
The room has an octagonal plan in Seljuk and Ottoman architectural styles, and its pyramidal ceiling is inlaid with gold mosaics.
Peace Park
The park that surrounds the monument is called a Peace Park in honor of Atatürk's famous expression "Peace at home, peace in the world." It contains around 50, decorative trees, flowers and shrubs in varieties, donated from around 25 countries.
Towers, statues, museum
Within the Anıtkabir site there are ten towers situated in a symmetrical arrangement. These symbolize the ideals that influenced the Turkish nation and the creation of the Republic of Turkey. The towers are similar in terms of planning and structure: they are rectangular, close to a square, with pyramidal roofs.
Bronze arrowheads are placed on the top of the roofs, like in traditional Turkish nomadtents. Inside the towers, geometric ornamentation inspired by traditional Turkish carpet (kilim) patterns and motifs, can be found on the towers' ceilings in fresco technique. There are also inscriptions of quotes by Atatürk that correspond to the theme of that tower.
Independence Tower
The relief inside the Independence Tower shows a young man standing straight and holding a sword with both hands while an eagle is perching on a rock beside him. The eagle represents power and independence in mythology and in Seljuk art, and the young man with the sword represents the Turkish nation defending its independence.
Female statue group
In front of the Independence Tower, there is a statue group of three women in Turkish national costumes. The two women at the sides are holding a large wreath reaching to the ground. This wreath, made up of grain sheaves, represents the abundant country. The woman on the left with a cup in her stretched-out hand is asking for God's compassion.
The woman in the middle, covering her face with her hand, is crying.
Mustafa kemal ataturk hayati Changing of Guards. Another fascinating aspect of the Mausoleum complex is the Lion Road, which is a long path leading you to the main tomb, entirely lined up with lion sculptures. These reliefs include a torch of civilization, a sword of attack, a helmet of defense, an oak branch of victory, and an olive branch representing peace. About Forever Legacy Forever Legacy is the premier provider of custom-built private mausoleums throughout the United States.This group represents the pride of Turkish women, and their solemnity and determination even in grief and hardship.
Freedom Tower
The relief inside the Freedom Tower shows a figure of an angel holding a sheet of paper and a rearing horse next to it. The angel figure symbolizes the holiness of freedom and the sheet of paper symbolizes the Turkish Declaration of Freedom.
The horse figure is a symbol of both freedom and independence.
Male statue group
In front of the Freedom Tower there is a statue group made up of three men. The man at the right with a helmet and coat represents a Turkish soldier; on the left with a book in his hand is a Turkish youth and intellectual; behind both of these, in village clothing, is a Turkish peasant.
The serious facial expressions of all three statues represent the solemnity and willpower of the Turkish people.
Mehmetçik Tower
The Mehmetçik Tower is situated on the right-hand side of the end of the Lion's Road. The relief on the exterior facade depicts a mehmetçik (Turkish foot soldier) leaving home for the front.
In this composition, a sad but proud mother holding her hand on the shoulder of her son sends him to the war for the country. There is a bookstore and a gift shop in this tower for visitors interested in buying articles about Anıtkabir and Atatürk.
Victory Tower
The dates of the nation's most important three victories and Atatürk's words about these victories are inscribed on the walls of this tower.
Inside the tower, the gun carriage, which carried Atatürk's coffin from Dolmabahçe Palace to Sarayburnu and handed over to the Navy on 19 November is on display.
Peace Tower
A relief composition expressing Atatürk's principle of Peace at home, peace in the world is inscribed inside the tower walls.
In this relief, peasants and a soldier figure protecting them by holding out his sword are depicted. This soldier symbolizes the Turkish Army, the strong and genuine keeper of the peace, allowing people to live their daily lives in peace secured by the Turkish Army.
23 April Tower
On the inside walls of this tower is a relief depicting the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 23 April The woman standing in this relief is holding a paper in her hand with an inscription of the date.
The key in her other hand symbolizes the opening of the Assembly.
Mausoleo de mustafa kemal ataturk biography It has an octagonal plan in Seljuk and Ottoman architectural style, and its pyramidal ceiling is decorated with mosaics in geometrical patterns. Actual construction of Anitkabir commenced on 9 October with a splendid ceremony by laying the first stone of the foundation. When viewed together, these two scenes illustrate how all members of society depended on one another to defeat enemy forces and provide security for all citizens. Another fascinating aspect of the Mausoleum complex is the Lion Road, which is a long path leading you to the main tomb, entirely lined up with lion sculptures.Atatürk's Cadillac Series 80[3] car, used between and , is on display in this tower.
Tower of Reforms
This tower is the extension of the museum and Atatürk's garments are exhibited here. The relief inside the tower wall shows a weak hand holding the torch about to extinguish, symbolizing the downfall of the Ottoman Empire.
Another, strong hand raising a radiating torch to the skies symbolizes the reforms with which the new Turkish Republic and Atatürk raised the Turkish Nation to the level of contemporary civilization.
Misak-ı Millî (National Pact) Tower
The tower is at the entry to the museum (see below) and the relief inside this tower symbolizes the binding in unity.
The relief shows four hands joining on a sword hilt.
Mausoleo de mustafa kemal ataturk biography tagalog Either Independence or death. The Lions' Road, lined with 24 statues of lions, leads visitors to the mausoleum area, symbolizing power and protection in Hittite artwork. The relief inside the tower wall shows a weak hand holding the torch about to extinguish, symbolizing the Ottoman Empires down fall. The dais for the speakers is positioned in the centre of the 42 steps ground stairs leading up to the mausoleum.This composition symbolizes the nation's common oath to save the Turkish Country.
Anıtkabir Atatürk Museum
Anıtkabir Atatürk Museum opened on 21 June Atatürk's personal items, his wardrobe, and some of the gifts presented to him are on display in this museum. Atatürk's medals, decorations and some personal items donated to the museum by his adopted children are also exhibited in the museum.
Architectural properties
The period of Turkish architecture between and has been classified by architectural historians as the Second National Architecture Movement. This period is characterized mostly by monumental, symmetrical, cut-stone clad buildings, with great emphasis given to detailing and workmanship in construction.
Anıtkabir contains the same characteristics of this period, and is considered by many to be the ultimate monument of the era. In addition, Anıtkabir features Seljuq and Ottoman architectural and ornamentation features. For example, the eaves of the towers and the Hall of Honour are all Seljuq-style sawtooth ornamentation.
Visitors
On 10 November , the 69th anniversary of Atatürk's death, , people, of whom 2, were foreigners, visited Anıtkabir, setting an all-time high record of daily visitors. In the first 11 months of , Anıtkabir received more than 11&#;million visitors, surpassing the total number of visitors for any previous whole year.
In , a total of 8,, people and in , a total of 3,, people visited Anıtkabir.[4]
On 10 November , 1,, people visited Anıtkabir which is the new all-time record. On 29 October which is the anniversary of the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, , people visited Anıtkabir. On 10 November , the recorded number of visitors was announced as , people.[5]
List of burials
Gallery
Road of Lions
Road of Lions
Turkish Men sculpture, located at the entrance of the Road of Lions
Turkish Women sculpture, located at the entrance of the Road of Lions
Ceremonial guard at the mausoleum's entrance
Assistant removes perspiration from a guard at Anıtkabir
Relief
Tomb of İsmet İnönü
Tomb of İsmet İnönü
Protect Your Republic Demonstration (14 April )
Reverse of the 20 lira banknote (s)
Reverse of the 5 million lira banknote (–)
Reverse of the 5 new lira banknote (–)
People in moment of silence on Medicine Day of Turkey