Apostol karamitev birthplace of buddha
The Buddha
Founder of Buddhism
"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see Buddha (disambiguation) and Gautama (disambiguation).
Siddhartha Gautama,[e] most commonly referred to as the Buddha (lit.&#;'the awakened one'),[4][f][g] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia,[h] during the 6th or 5th century BCE[c] and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal,[b] to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic.[i] After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained nirvana at Bodh Gaya in what is now India.
Birthplace of buddha map: The Buddha Gautama Buddha. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest. While Buddhism declined in India, and mostly disappeared after the 8th century CE due to a lack of popular and economic support, Buddhism is more prominent in Southeast and East Asia. The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life.
The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order. Buddhist tradition holds he died in Kushinagar and reached parinirvana ("final release from conditioned existence").[j]
According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering.
His core teachings are summarized in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and kindness toward others, and meditative practices such as sense restraint, mindfulness, dhyana (meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the five skandhas and dependent origination, describing how all dharmas (both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other dharmas, lacking an existence on their own svabhava).
A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title Buddha, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the Vinaya, his codes for monastic practice, and the Sutta Piṭaka, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects through an oral tradition.
Apostol karamitev birthplace of buddha and jesus According to various Buddhist sources, the First Buddhist Council was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was raja —a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras. Kassapa Buddha.Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as Abhidharma, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as Jataka tales, and additional discourses, i.e., the Mahayana sutras.
Buddhism evolved into a variety of traditions and practices, represented by Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana, and spread beyond the Indian subcontinent.
While Buddhism declined in India, and mostly disappeared after the 8th century CE due to a lack of popular and economic support, Buddhism is more prominent in Southeast and East Asia.
Etymology, names and titles
Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni
According to Donald Lopez Jr., " he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."[16]
Buddha, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One",[f] is the masculine form of budh (बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again",[18] "to awaken""'to open up' (as does a flower)", "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge".
It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained bodhi (awakening, enlightenment).Buddhi, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand",[18] is the faculty which discerns truth (satya) from falsehood.
The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama).
His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal".
Scandinavian coin Gautama Buddha Shakyamuni lit. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Lion's Roar.The clan name of Gautama means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light",[22] and comes from the fact that Kshatriya clans adopted the names of their house priests.[23][24]
While the term Buddha is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term Buddha is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several Edicts of Ashoka (reigned c.&#;– BCE) mention the Buddha and 's Lumbini pillar inscription commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the Buddha Shakyamuni&#;[k] (Brahmi script: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").
Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि, [ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ]) means "Sage of the Shakyas".
Tathāgata
Tathāgata (Pali; Pali:[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ]) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the Pāli Canon.
The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (tathā-gata), "one who has thus come" (tathā-āgata), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" (tathā-agata). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going—beyond all transitory phenomena.[30] A tathāgata is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".[31]
Other epithets
A list of other epithets is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:[32]
- Bhagavato (Bhagavan)&#;– The Blessed one, one of the most used epithets, together with tathāgata
- Sammasambuddho&#;– Perfectly self-awakened
- Vijja-carana-sampano&#;– Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct.
- Sugata&#;– Well-gone or well-spoken.
- Lokavidu&#;– Knower of the many worlds.
- Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi&#;– Unexcelled trainer of untrained people.
- Satthadeva-Manussanam&#;– Teacher of gods and humans.
- Araham&#;– Worthy of homage.
An Arahant is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final knowledge".
- Jina&#;– Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained liberation in the religion Jainism, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha.[33]
The Pali Canon also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma (Dharmaraja), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World (Lokanatha), Lion (Siha), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom (Varapañña), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power.[34] Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is Maha sramana, "great sramana" (ascetic, renunciate).
Sources
Historical sources
Pali suttas
Main article: Early Buddhist texts
On the basis of philological evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert Oskar von Hinüber says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days.
Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than – BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as hagiography than as an exact historical record of events).[36]
John S.
Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest" (Ariyapariyesanā-sutta) and its parallels in other languages.
Pillar and rock inscriptions
No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter.[41] But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several Edicts of Ashoka (reigned c.
to BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. Particularly, Ashoka's Lumbini pillar inscription commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the Buddha Shakyamuni (Brahmi script: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").[l][39] Another one of his edicts (Minor Rock Edict No.
3) mentions the titles of several Dhamma texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"),[42] establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the Maurya era.
Apostol karamitev birthplace of buddha Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city. The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in Theravada countries as Vesak and the day he got conceived as Poson. Kapilavastu ancient city. The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang.These texts may be the precursor of the Pāli Canon.[44][m]
"Sakamuni" is also mentioned in a relief of Bharhut, dated to c.&#; BCE, in relation with his illumination and the Bodhi tree, with the inscription Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho ("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni").[45][46]
Oldest surviving manuscripts
The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, found in Gandhara (corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in Gāndhārī, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.[47]
Biographical sources
Early canonical sources include the Ariyapariyesana Sutta (MN 26), the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta (DN 16), the Mahāsaccaka-sutta (MN 36), the Mahapadana Sutta (DN 14), and the Achariyabhuta Sutta (MN ), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies.
The Jātaka tales retell previous lives of Gautama as a bodhisattva, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The Mahāpadāna Sutta and Achariyabhuta Sutta both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the Tuṣita Heaven into his mother's womb.
The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the Buddhacarita, Lalitavistara Sūtra, Mahāvastu, and the Nidānakathā. Of these, the Buddhacarita is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet Aśvaghoṣa in the first century CE.[53] The Lalitavistara Sūtra is the next oldest biography, a Mahāyāna/Sarvāstivāda biography dating to the 3rd century CE.
The Mahāvastu from the MahāsāṃghikaLokottaravāda tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE.
The Dharmaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The Nidānakathā is from the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by Buddhaghoṣa.
Historical person
Understanding the historical person
Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life.
Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the Mahajanapada, and during the reign of Bimbisara (his friend, protector, and ruler of the Magadha empire); and died during the early years of the reign of Ajatashatru (who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of Mahavira, the Jain tirthankara.
There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies, as "Buddhist scholars [] have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person."[61] The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or legendary elements.
In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".[62]
Dating
The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain.
Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was BCE, but according to the Ka-tan system of the Kalachakra tradition, Buddha's death was about BCE.[63]
Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha.
The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born years before Asoka's coronation and died years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as – BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia.
Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at – BCE.
However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at years before Asoka's coronation and death years before the coronation, still about 80 years.
Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as BCE, this dates the Buddha's lifespan even later as – BCE.
Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of – BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years. More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's s BCE and the short chronology's s BCE, so circa BCE.
At a symposium on this question held in ,[66] the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of BCE for the Buddha's death.[c][74] These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.[n]
The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology.
In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned c.&#;&#;– c.&#; BCE, and died BCE, while Ajatashatru reigned c.&#;&#;– c.&#; BCE. In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned c.&#; BCE,[o] while Ajatashatru died between c.&#; BCE and BCE. According to historian K. T. S. Sarao, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c– BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c– BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c– BCE.[85]
Historical context
Shakyas
According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a Shakya, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent.[b][p] The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE.
The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an oligarchy, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The Shakyas were widely considered to be non-Vedic (and, hence impure) in Brahminic texts; their origins remain speculative and debated.[87] Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside Aryavarta without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as Greater Magadha.[88]
The Buddha's tribe of origin, the Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas).
They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas.[87] Tree veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees.
Apostol karamitev birthplace of buddha and god Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha 1st ed. Main article: Physical characteristics of the Buddha. As the sangha [ u ] grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. In Herbermann, Charles ed.Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.[87]
Shramanas
The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential śramaṇa schools of thought like Ājīvika, Cārvāka, Jainism, and Ajñana. The Brahmajala Sutta records sixty-two such schools of thought.
In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like Mahavira,[90]Pūraṇa Kassapa, Makkhali Gosāla, Ajita Kesakambalī, Pakudha Kaccāyana, and Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, as recorded in Samaññaphala Sutta, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted.[q]
Śāriputra and Moggallāna, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic.
The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, Alara Kalama and Uddaka Rāmaputta, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques.