St ignatius of loyola story
Ignatius of Loyola
Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian (–)
Saint Ignatius of Loyola SJ | |
|---|---|
Ignatius of Loyola (c. 16th-century portrait) | |
| Born | Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola ()23 October Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile |
| Died | 31 July () (aged&#;64) Rome, Papal States |
| Venerated&#;in | |
| Beatified | 27, July , Rome, Papal States, by Pope Paul V |
| Canonized | 12, March , Rome, Papal States, by Pope Gregory XV |
| Major shrine | Church of the GesùRome, Italy |
| Feast | 31 July |
| Attributes | |
| Patronage | Society of Jesus; soldiers; spiritual retreats; Biscay; Gipuzkoa;[2]Ateneo De Manila University; the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Maryland; the Diocese of Antwerp, Belgium; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Rome, Italy; accidents and injuries. |
| Influences | |
| Major works | Spiritual Exercises |
Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; c.&#;23 October [3] – 31 July ), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a BasqueSpaniardCatholic priest and theologian, who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior General, in Paris in [4]
Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching.
In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.[5] Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.[6]
As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in the Spiritual Exercises ().
In time, the method has become known as Ignatian spirituality. He was beatified in and was canonized as a saint on 12 March His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society of Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in
Early life
Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle at Loyola, in the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain.[7] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the minor nobility,[8] from the clan of Loyola, were involved in the Basque war of the bands.
Their manor house was demolished on the orders of the King of Castile in for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV.[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, but died fighting in the Italian Wars (–).[10]
He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; the name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one".[7][11] It is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo".[12] Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy where it was better understood.[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born.[14]
Soon after the birth of Íñigo, his mother died.
Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith.[15] In , his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in the castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.[10]
Military career
Instead, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile.
During his time in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling, the pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling.[10] Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven by a desire for fame. He patterned his life after the stories of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, The Song of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.[17]
He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".[18] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time."[19]
In , aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera.
His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him the title "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke.[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury.
Saint ignatius de loyola biography of william shakespeare ISBN Living by the Sword. Many have thought this promise simply referred to the subsequent success of the order there. Fearing they were carrying the plague, the little band of three were refused admission when they arrived at the gates of Rome.However at the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby wall fractured his right leg.[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics, he underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, with his bones set and rebroken.
In the end, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would limp for the rest of his life, with his military career over.[19]
Religious conversion and visions
While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious life.
In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle, and instead, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints.[7][22]
The religious work which most particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.[23] This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks.
It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader place himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc.
This type of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises.[24][25][26]
Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king and in honour of the royal lady he was in love with".
Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment.[19]
After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to "kiss the earth where our Lord had walked",[19] and to do stricter penances.[27] He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.[27] In March , he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat.
There, he carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his fine clothes to the poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at the Virgin's altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine.[7]
From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby town of Manresa (Catalonia), where he lived for about a year, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores at a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging.
For several months he spent much of his time praying in a cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises.[28][29]
Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in full daylight while at the hospital.
These repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful it somehow seemed to have the shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object but when the object vanished he became disconsolate".[30] He came to interpret this vision as diabolical in nature.[31]
Period of studies
In September , Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with the aim of settling there.
He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans.[32]
He returned to Barcelona and at the age of 33 attended a free public grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá,[33] where he studied theology and Latin from to [34]
There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before the Inquisition.
These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree in theology.
As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was later released.[35]
Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he had changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it more acceptable to other Europeans) [13] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born.[14] moved to France to study at the University of Paris.
He attended first the ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree.[36]
He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, all of them fellow students at the university.[37] They were the Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Savoyard, the latter two becoming his first companions,[19] and his closest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order.[38]
"On the morning of the 15th of August, , in the chapel of church of Saint Peter, at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work."[39]
Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three in In later life, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.[39]
Foundation of the Jesuit order
In , with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in by Pope Paul III.
He was chosen as the first Superior General of the order and invested with the title of "Father General" by the Jesuits.[14]
Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed a good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel with him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily.
As a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in , Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, set the world on fire", a phrase used in the Jesuit order to this day.[41]
With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in They created a centralised organisation of the order,[42][43] and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy.
Saint ignatius de loyola biography of william blake What they did not know was that another attack would be leveled at this faithful nation of Saints, a new attempt to destroy the Church which Jesus founded. It is first necessary to make clear the meaning of the names; they are distinct, despite the persistently held opinion in onomastic dictionaries and popular thought. The present-day notion of levels or classes--freshman, sophomore, junior, senior-- is a Jesuit legacy to education based on the experience with this Parisian style of learning. Literature and media.This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if a dead body",[44] meaning that a Jesuit should be as empty of ego as is a corpse.[45] However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater glory of God").[citation needed]
Death and canonization
Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July , probably of the "Roman Fever", a severe variant of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history.
An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and bladder stones, a probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life.[46][page&#;needed]
The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present at the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results in his De re anatomica libre XV:
I have taken out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors found in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in the portal vein.
For I saw stones in the ureters, in the bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.
—&#;Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV[47]
From the facts presented, the exact cause of death cannot be established.
The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in the veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in the colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs.
Because of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Ignatius cannot be established beyond doubt.[47]
His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried in the crypt of the Maria della Strada Church on 1 August In the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù.
Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin.[48]
Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V on 27 July , and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March [49] His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the Military Ordinariate of the Philippines, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore,[50] in his native Basque Country, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.
Legacy
Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines.
Saint ignatius de loyola biography of william hamilton: It is first necessary to make clear the meaning of the names; they are distinct, despite the persistently held opinion in onomastic dictionaries and popular thought. The only way to get to the top was by climbing treacherous steps cut out in the rock, by those who had dared to go before. Harvard University Press. Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams.
In , Loyola University Maryland was the first university in the United States to bear his name.
In he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius.[51]
In , he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola, in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.[52]
Ignatius of Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 31 July.[53][54]
The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church, built in in El Paso, Texas, is named for him.
In India, Loyola College, Chennai is named after him. This college was founded in by the French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits.[citation needed]
Genealogy
Shield of Oñaz-Loyola
The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institutions around the world.
As the official colours of the Loyola family are maroon and gold,[55] the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon bars going diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle.
The Loyola shield features a pair of rampantgrey wolves flanking each side of a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while the entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten.
Saint ignatius de loyola biography of william Visions of Heaven Hell and Purgatory Read more. As Providence would have it, just that one year, because of war between Venice and the Turks, no ship sailed. Ignatius believed it must have been the young man, as he was not to be found when they set out for Rome. His Spiritual Director seeing him dangerously weakened by this excessiveness, near death, ordered him to eat some food or he would deny him absolution.Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in [56][57] Former coat of arms of the Argentine city, Junín, Buenos Aires used until bore Loyola shield under the Sun of May and surrounded by laurel wreath.
Lineage
Villoslada&#;[es; eu] established the following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:[3]
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Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, is likely Ignatius's nephew.[58]
Gallery
Tomb of Saint Ignatius, c.&#;
Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius
Portrait by Pieter Paul Rubens
Visions of Ignatius, –18, Peter Paul Rubens
Virgin Mary with Infant Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries.
Bottom centre: Ignatius of Loyola (left) and Francis Xavier (right)
The journeys of Ignatius of Loyola at different times
A page from Spiritual Exercises
Bibliography
- The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius, TAN Books, ISBN&#;
- Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, ISBN&#;
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius ().
The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN&#;.
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC&#; For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyolapp.Saint francis xavier Of course, marriage was out of the question, so our young knight loved from afar, serving in the noble way befitting his and her station. PMID New York: Robert Appleton Company. He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".
11–
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (). John Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN&#;.